## State Metropolitan.Residence White Graduates Poverty ## 1 Alabama 55.4 71.3 79.9 14.6 ## 2 Alaska 65.6 70.8 90.6 8.3 ## 3 Arizona 88.2 87.7 83.8 13.3 ## 4 Arkansas 52.5 81.0 80.9 18.0 ## 5 California 94.4 77.5 81.1 12.8 ## 6 Colorado 84.5 90.2 88.7 9.4 ## 7 Connecticut 87.7 85.4 87.5 7.8 ## 8 Delaware 80.1 76.3 88.7 8.1 ## 9 District of Columbia 100.0 36.2 86.0 16.8 ## 10 Florida 89.3 80.6 84.7 12.1 ## 11 Georgia 71.6 67.5 85.1 12.1 ## 12 Hawaii 91.5 25.9 88.5 10.6 ## 13 Idaho 66.4 95.5 88.2 11.8 ## 14 Illinois 87.8 79.5 85.9 11.2 ## 15 Indiana 70.8 88.9 86.4 8.7 ## 16 Iowa 61.1 94.9 89.7 8.3 ## 17 Kansas 71.4 89.3 88.6 9.4 ## 18 Kentucky 55.8 90.3 82.8 13.1 ## 19 Louisiana 72.6 64.2 79.8 17.0 ## 20 Maine 40.2 97.1 86.6 11.3 ## 21 Maryland 86.1 65.6 87.6 7.3 ## 22 Massachusetts 91.4 87.2 87.1 9.6 ## 23 Michigan 74.7 81.5 87.6 10.3 ## 24 Minnesota 70.9 90.2 91.6 6.5 ## 25 Mississippi 48.8 61.2 81.2 17.6 ## 26 Missouri 69.4 85.3 88.3 9.6 ## 27 Montana 54.1 90.9 90.1 13.7 ## 28 Nebraska 69.8 92.1 90.8 9.5 ## 29 Nevada 91.5 84.1 85.6 8.3 ## 30 New Hampshire 59.3 96.3 92.1 5.6 ## 31 New Jersey 94.4 77.3 86.2 7.8 ## 32 New Mexico 75.0 84.9 81.7 17.8 ## 33 New York 87.5 73.6 84.2 14.0 ## 34 North Carolina 60.2 74.1 81.4 13.1 ## 35 North Dakota 55.9 92.5 89.7 11.9 ## 36 Ohio 77.4 85.4 87.2 10.1 ## 37 Oklahoma 65.3 78.4 85.7 14.7 ## 38 Oregon 78.7 90.8 86.9 11.2 ## 39 Pennsylvania 77.1 86.4 86.0 9.2 ## 40 Rhode Island 90.9 89.2 81.0 10.3 ## 41 South Carolina 60.5 67.7 80.8 13.5 ## 42 South Dakota 51.9 88.8 88.7 10.2 ## 43 Tennessee 63.6 80.8 81.0 14.2 ## 44 Texas 82.5 83.6 77.2 15.3 ## 45 Utah 88.2 93.6 89.4 9.3 ## 46 Vermont 38.2 96.9 88.9 9.9 ## 47 Virginia 73.0 73.9 87.8 8.7 ## 48 Washington 82.0 85.5 89.1 10.8 ## 49 West Virginia 46.1 95.0 78.7 16.0 ## 50 Wisconsin 68.3 90.1 88.6 8.6 ## Percent ## 1 14.2 ## 2 10.8 ## 3 11.1 ## 4 12.1 ## 5 12.6 ## 6 9.6 ## 7 12.1 ## 8 13.1 ## 9 18.9 ## 10 12.0 ## 11 14.5 ## 12 12.4 ## 13 8.7 ## 14 12.3 ## 15 11.1 ## 16 8.6 ## 17 9.3 ## 18 11.8 ## 19 16.6 ## 20 9.5 ## 21 14.1 ## 22 11.9 ## 23 12.5 ## 24 8.9 ## 25 17.3 ## 26 11.6 ## 27 8.9 ## 28 9.1 ## 29 11.1 ## 30 9.1 ## 31 12.6 ## 32 13.2 ## 33 14.7 ## 34 12.5 ## 35 7.8 ## 36 12.1 ## 37 11.4 ## 38 9.8 ## 39 11.6 ## 40 12.9 ## 41 14.8 ## 42 9.0 ## 43 12.9 ## 44 12.7 ## 45 9.4 ## 46 9.3 ## 47 11.9 ## 48 9.9 ## 49 10.7 ## 50 9.6
Poverty and Graduation
Poverty and Graduation
Poverty and Graduation
Poverty and Graduation
The linear model
cor(poverty$Graduates, poverty$Poverty)
## [1] -0.747
lm(Graduates ~ Poverty, data = poverty)
## ## Call: ## lm(formula = Graduates ~ Poverty, data = poverty) ## ## Coefficients: ## (Intercept) Poverty ## 96.202 -0.898
Residual Plot
Identification of Problem Types
Recall the following notation:
- \(G\): categorical variable with 2 groups
- \(H\): categorical variable with 3+ groups
- \(K\): continuous variable
For each of the following problems,
- identify the model type (e.g., \(K_1 \sim K_2\)),
- determine which type of problem it is (One Mean, One Proportion…, Multiple Proportions (Test of Independence))
- draw a sketch of an effective visualization and give the name of that type of plot,
- write the null and alternative hypotheses, and
- provide the named distribution (e.g., \(t(df = 22)\)) for the null distribution.
Identification of Problem Types
- The Survey of Study Habits and Attitudes (SSHA) is a psychological test that measures students' study habits and attitude toward school. Scores range from 0 to 200. The mean score for U.S. College students is about 115. A teacher suspects that older students have different attitudes toward school than the national average. She gives the SSHA to 25 randomly selected students who are at least 30 years old. The mean of these 25 scores is 118.6 and the standard deviation is about 30.
- If you are a dog lover, perhaps having your dog along reduces the effect of stress. To examine the effect of pets in stressful situations, researchers recruited 45 women who said they were dog lovers. Fifteen subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups to do a stressful task alone, with a good friend present, or with their dog present (each group had 15 subjects). The subject's heart rate during the task is one measure of the effect of stress. Can we believe that the heart rate of dog lovers is related to stress when working on a task alone, with a friend, or with a dog?